Which part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?

• A. Brainstem
• B. Cerebral Cortex
• C. Cerebellum
• D. Thalamus

Answer: (A)

Breathing and heart rate are controlled by the brainstem, which contains the medulla oblongata and pons that manage automatic life-sustaining rhythms. The medulla houses the respiratory center and the cardioinhibitory and cardioaccelerator centers, adjusting breathing rate and heart rate in response to chemical and physical signals. The cerebral cortex can influence breathing when we consciously hold our breath or speak, but it doesn’t set the baseline rhythm. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance, not autonomic functions. The thalamus mainly relays sensory information and doesn’t directly regulate breathing or heart rate.